I am an early-career researcher in language science and a Qiushi Postdoctoral Fellow at Zhejiang University. I study how people understand and produce language in real time. Much of my work focuses on Mandarin Chinese, while also asking how second language learning, multilingual experience, and crosslinguistic variation shape real-time processing.
My research asks how the mind builds sentence structure in real time, rapidly combining word order, syntactic constraints, semantic plausibility, prosody, and contextual expectations. These cues are weighted differently across languages and may also be used differently by native speakers, second language learners, and bilinguals. I use EEG, behavioral experiments, and acoustic analysis to study how language experience shapes these processes in comprehension and production. I am especially interested in what unfolds at the millisecond level during incremental sentence processing. As one of the most complex feats of human cognition, language can teach us how the brain uses structure, manages multiple levels of information, and adapts through learning.
I came to this work partly through my own long and sometimes humbling experience of learning and living in languages beyond my native English. My training has taken me from the US to Spain, Canada, and China, and I remain strongly committed to open and international science.
You can contact me at max.wolpert [at] zju [dot] edu [dot] cn.
Language is not processed all at once. As we listen, read, or speak, we continuously build structure from partial information.
My research asks how this process unfolds in real time. I study how people make sense of sentence structure, how learning and using more than one language changes comprehension and production, and how timing in speech helps speakers organize language and coordinate with others.
Language is built from smaller units into larger ones: sounds into words, words into sentences, and sentences into structured meanings. These combinations are rule-governed and hierarchical, but languages differ in how structure is expressed. How do users of different languages encode and decode this structure in real time, especially when different sources of information point in different directions?
Most people have some experience learning a second language, but individuals vary dramatically in how well they can use another language for real-time comprehension and production. How much of this variation can be explained by proficiency, and where does proficiency fail as an explanation? What trajectories do second language learners follow, and how should we measure their progress?
Human speech exhibits multiple prosodic cues, such as pauses and lengthenings, that overlap with syntactic and information structure. These timing cues help speakers plan what to say and help listeners segment continuous speech. How do conversation partners use timing to coordinate with each other in real time, and are individual speech rhythms constrained by stable preferences?
A selection of recent papers.
2026–present
Qiushi Postdoctoral Fellow, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Supervisor: Wenlei Shi 史文磊
2024–2026
Postdoctoral Researcher, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Supervisor: Nai Ding 丁鼐
2016–2023
PhD in Neuroscience, McGill University
Montréal, Canada
Supervisors: Karsten Steinhauer and Shari Baum
2015–2016
Master’s in Cognitive Neuroscience of Language, University of the Basque Country / BCBL
Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
Supervisors: Sendy Caffarra & Simona Mancini
2010–2014
BSc with Distinction, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, USA · double major: Chemistry and Hispanic Linguistics
My CV is available as a PDF.